Tenses - IX std

Tenses

Tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns.

Examples :

• He drinks tea at breakfast. 
• She had prepared food for the guest. 

Kinds of Tenses:

• Present tense
• Past tense
• Future tense

1. Present tense

A tense expressing an action that is currently going on or habitually performed, or a state that currently or generally exists.

• Present Simple
  I do
• Present Continuous
  I am doing
• Present Perfect
  I have done
• Present Perfect Continuous
  I have been doing

2. Past tense

The past tense  is a tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time.

• Past Simple
  I did, I did do
• Past Continuous
  I was doing
• Past Perfect
  I had done
• Past Perfect Continuous
  I had been doing

3.Future tense

A tense expressing an action that has not yet happened or a state that does not yet exist.

• Future Simple
  I will do
• Future Continuous
  I will be doing
• Future Perfect
  I will have done
• Future Perfect Continuous
  I will have been doing

Direct and indirect speech - VIII std

Direct and Indirect speech

DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.

EXAMPLES

• She says, "What time will you be home?"
• She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "
• "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
• John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

INDIRECT SPEECH

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

EXAMPLES

• She told him that she was happy.
• She was speaking on the telephone.

Here are some examples of Direct and Indirect Speech.

• Direct: He says, “Jack kills a giant.”
  Indirect: He says that Jack kills a giant.
•  Direct: He said, “I am a hockey player.”

Indirect: He said that he was a hockey player.

• Direct: He said to me, “What isyour name?Indirect: He asked me what myname was.

Earthquake - IX std

Earthquake
- M. S. Mahadevan

The narrator of the story is Brij. He worked at tea shop.  His village was Malthi. It was devastated by a terrible earthquake four years ago. By chance the narrator went to his Uncle's house to buy school books at Pauri. When the news was reached to him, it had taken 3 days to reach his village and   he started to search for his family and then hearing no one is alive. But he couldn't find his sister Bhuli's body. A few minutes later while the soldiers removing the debris they saw a girl Bhuli was alive for hundred and sixteen hours into debris. They took her to the hospital. After that The narrator could not thanked to the officer. But whenever he saw a tired man who were resemblance of the officer, he offered him a free cup of tea.

The anteater and the dassie - VIII std

The anteater and the dassie

Theme of the story:

There is more than one way to do a thing. 

Content: 

The anteater

and the dassie

lived near the Limpopo river in South Africa. They were always tried to find interesting ways of challenging each other with new games and races. Dassie showed his friend the intricate burrows and network of pathways built between the rocks. He had observed that it was difficult for his heavy friend to climb up and down the rocks and pathways. So he asked pangolin to race against him. Dassie smiled to himself because he was sure that he would win the race. Pangolin agreed to compete with his friend. Dassie won the first race. For the second race pangolin had thought of rolling downhill.

And he won the second race.  He understood that he could not run as fast as Sassiest. But he could roll down faster than his friend. 

The Tiger in the zoo - VIII std

The Tiger in the zoo

       -Leslie Norris 

George Leslie Norris  (21 May 1921 – 6 April 2006), 

was a prize-winning Welsh poetand short story writer. Norris is considered one of the most important Welsh writers of the post-war period, and his literary publications have won many prizes.

Content :

The Tiger in the zoo is a pathetic sight. 

It is kept inside a concrete cell behind the bars.  It simply walks to and fro in the cage. In the jungle , the Tiger is free. He lurks in the shadow. He slides through the tall grass.  He waits at the water hols and kills deer for food. At times the tiger comes into a village near the forest. His snarls around the house. He bares his teeth and claws at the villagers. The sight fills them with fear. But a caged tiger misses everything. It becomes an object of show. The jungle is the apt place for the tiger to live with grandeur and ferocity. 

Water - the Elixir of life. - IX std

Water the Elixir of life

Sir C. V. Raman

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman:

(7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist who won 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics. He discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes wavelength.

Content:

Water is the basis of all life. Every animal or plant contains a large proportion of water in its body. Water plays an essential part in the physiological activity of all living things. Water is necessary for all animal life.  The cattle and other animals quench their thirst by drinking water. Moisture in the soil is absorbed by plants and trees.  The Water Show absorbed is useful for their life and growth.  All these prove that life cannot exit without water. 

Our winged friends - VIII std

Our winged friends 

Dr. Salim Ali:

The birdman of India is one of the world's famous ornithologists. Because of him we know so much more about birds today.  He fought for the conservation of many important forests. 

Content:

Birds are everywhere all around us.  They live in forest, ocean, hills and in cities. They eat up insects, pest that harm our crops. They also cause pollination. Birds play a vital role in the distribution of seeds. But the face a threat from human beings who chop down trees for wood and for building , houses. Deforestation makes the birds homeless. Like Dr. Salim Ali we too should take to bird watching to preserve rare species. we should observe carefully and record our findings.

On killing a tree - IX std

On killing a tree

- Gieve Patel

Gieve Patel:

Gieve Patel (born in 18 August 1940)is an Indian poet, playwright, painter, as well as a practicing physician/doctor based in Mumbai.

Theme: 

The poem is about killing a tree.  But it is not easy to kill a grown up tree. We should remember that we should never attempt to kill a tree that has taken years and years to grow to its full size.

Content :

 The poet describes the act of cutting tree. It simply jabbing the tree with a knife.  Nor is it by hacking or chopping. It takes a lot of effort to kill a tree.  The poet describes the difficult task in order to remind us that we should not kill such a tree. The tree has taken many years to grow. The tree consumes the earth. It rises out of the soil slowly. It absorbs sunlight, air, and water. This process goes on for years. To kill a tree the root has to be pulled out. So a rope is tied to the root firmly. It is snapped out forcefully. It becomes brown, hard, twisted and dried up. 

Auxiliary verb - IX std

Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs.

• Primary auxiliary 
• Modal auxiliary 

Primary auxiliary 

1. Be verbs - am, is, was, are, were. 
2. Do verbs - do, does, did
3. Have verbs - has, have, had

Modal auxiliary 

1.Can - Could

• Ability 
• Permission 
• Possibility 

Eg: Can I use your mobile please? 

       It could rain tomorrow. 2.May - Might

• Permission 
• Possibility 

Eg: May I come in? 

       I might go on holiday to Australia nextyear. 3.Shall - Should 

• 50% obligation
• Advice
• Logical conclusion 

Eg: You should revise your lessons.

4.Will - Would 

• Desire or Wish
• Preference 
• Choice

Eg: I will take this duty. 

       I would rather go shopping today. 5.Must

• Strong obligation 
• Logical conclusion 
• Certainty

Eg: You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. 

Semi modals

Need, dare, used to, ought to. 

Active voice and Passive voice - VIII std

Active and passive voice :

An action of a subject in relation to an object is expressed in two ways. These two ways of expressing action of a subject  is known as voices. 

1. Active voice

2. Passive voice

Active voice:

 The active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. It follows a clear subject + verb + object construct that's easy to read. 

Eg: I write a letter.

Passive voice:

With passive voice, the subject is acted upon by the verb. 

Eg: A letter is written by me. 

Change of active voice into passive voice:

active		passive
The hunter killed the lion.	>>	The lion was killed by the hunter.
Someone has cleaned the windows	>>	The windows have been cleaned

The cat and the pain killer - IX std

                 The cat and the painkiller

                                                                                                                           - Mark Twain

Aunt Polly was worried when Tom became unhappy. She was infatuated with medicines. So she tried all new methods of producing health or mending it.

  She gave water treatment. One day Tom was closing the crack on the floor with painkiller. Peter the cat came there.  Looking at the spoon greedily the cat begged for a taste. Tom poured down the painkiller into the cat's mouth.

 At once Peter sprang in the air. It ran round and round. It banged against furniture and upset the flower pots. Then it sailed through the open window. Tom burst out laughing on seeing the deeds of the cat. 

Finally aunt Polly realised that,  what was cruelty to the cat should be the same to the boy too and stopped giving medicines to him.